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AS G322 revision booklet pt1 (Film Industry)

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PAUL

Interviews with the cast notes...

 

Simon Pegg: (Graeme Willy)
Simon Pegg wanted to play a shy character, because of previous films.
he enjoys comics and science fiction so he knows what it’s like to obsess with ‘aliens’
he didn’t have to research much just not to be himself so much.
Seth Rogen is on his wave length, he’s very good at interpretation, valuable asset.
Everyone in some respect is an alien, people learning to live where they don’t belong and so on.

Nick Frost: (Clive gollings)
writing it off and on for 41/2 years.
It’s important to research because of the road trip and such; day by day miles per day and where we would stay
working title gave them a brand new RV to ‘play’ with.

Seth Rogen: (PAUL)
Tried to make it casual, ‘drunk and stoned’ all the time, wanted the characters to move like him move like a human, chilled out ‘dude’
Director he worked with is a dream director, he loves how laid back he is and how he finishes on time etc.
people were given images of aliens so that is an alien encounter happened people wouldn’t be too shook up, it’s that every alien you’ve seen is PAUL, you will know he’s an alien.
PAUL would be not too obnoxious but fun, ‘cool’ funny idea of the movie, the geeks’ dream come true.
Totally different way to represent an alien

Production (CGI) Notes – PAUL.When Mottola was first approached about directing Paul, he admits he was nervous to helm a project in which the main character was wholly CGI.

“Now that I’m done with the animation,” he admits candidly, “I didn’t know how scared I should be. It’s hard to pull off full-on, complete animation.
“We had to create an alien that for all intents and purposes is a human being in his behaviour and just happens to look like an alien with certain abilities,”
“But for 90 percent of the screen time, he’s just a guy in a car hanging out. We wanted to try and make a guy that the audience cared about who was still irritating at times—human, surprising, emotional and difficult.”
“We designed a CG version of Paul that was not completely satisfying, so we brought in a practical effects company that has this talented sculptor who sculpted Paul out of clay first. He created a miniature size of Paul until we got a rough design we thought was good, and then he did a life-size version.”
they built a puppet incarnation that would be used for close-ups. They knew they needed this version because every time Mottola and cinematographer Lawrence Sher would physically be shooting a scene in which the character was included, they had to have a practical double for eye line reference and movement purpose.

He ran each of the scenes multiple times in rehearsal to ensure the animators had all the physical references they needed to craft Paul. To ensure that the follow-up movements during production were flush, the stand-ins that were used based their actions, mannerisms and inflections on the filmed references of Rogen. Then, Rogen returned for days of ADR.

The lion’s share of Double Negative’s efforts would be the team’s translation of Paul to the screen putting this CG character in a real environment so that he would be completely convincing throughout the film. “It required lighting Paul in a very naturalistic way so he would be integrated with everyone else’s performance,” “This is a film that can’t look like a visual effects film. It has to look like a film with three guys in it and supporting cast and characters.”

Film4

Film 4 Fact File

Film4 productions are a British film production company owned by channel 4.The Company has been responsible for backing a large number of films made in the UK. The company’s first production was Walter, directed by Stephen Frears in 1982. Film4 is a free digital television channel available in the UK again owned by channel 4.

Film4 did not originally focus on broadcasting blockbusters, but nowadays broadcasts many mainstream Hollywood movies. The channel frequently has themed nights or seasons in which a number of films centered around one genre, director or actor are shown. As Channel 4 also owns a film production company, Film4 Productions, it shows many of its in-house productions. Film4, Channel 4 Television's feature film division, has announced the appointment of Anna Higgs (a digital media producer and consultant), to spearhead its digital initiatives under the brand banner of Film4.0.As part of its increased funding, Film4 is set to take a pioneering role in exploring the digital, online arena through Film4.0. Its aim will be to find new talent and discover new ways of making, marketing and distributing films and engaging new audiences online in a multi-platform environment.Tessa Ross said: ‘We are thrilled to have found in Anna the perfect person with whom to launch our new digital venture, Film4.0. She combines a passion for innovation with a clear expertise in delivering it to audience and she will be a wonderful addition to the team.'

 

In 2004, Tessa Ross became controller of both film 4 and channel 4 drama, film4 was launched in November 1998.Before 1998 the company was identified as channel four films or film four international, later it was named film. In 2002 the company cut its staff and budgets significantly due to mounting losses.Film4 was originally known as Film Four and became Channel 4's second channel when it launched on 1 November 1998. It was a subscription-only service available on satellite television via the Sky platform, digital terrestrial via ITV Digital and most UK cable services. It cost £5.99 or £6.00 a month (depending on platform), eventually rising to up to £7. The launch night, which was also broadcast on Channel 4, was hosted by Johnny Vaughan and the first film to be shown was What's Eating Gilbert Grape.

The subscription service ended on 19 July 2006 and the channel re-launched as a free-to-air service a few days later on 23 July.
When the channel became free, it also returned to digital terrestrial as part of the Free view brand, and became completely free-to-air on satellite television. Due to the change, the channel's availability increased from 300,000 to 18 million households. It also changed its broadcasting hours to 12:45 - 08:45, and commercial breaks were included during films for the first time.
The first film broadcast under the new format was the British non-subscription television premiere of Lost in Translation. With the exception of Movies4Men available on a local multiplex in Greater Manchester only, Film4 remains the only free film channel available on digital terrestrial television.

To alert the public to it going free-to-air, Film4 launched a massive campaign directed by Kevin Spacey featuring major celebrities advertising Film4 in odd ways. The slogan of the campaign was "FILMS FOR FREE". Examples include:

·         Judi Dench in a lobster costume, operatically singing the words "Film Four!"

·         Lucy Liu in a banner plane, insulting Ray Winstone and Christian Slater who have incorrectly erected a 'Film4 is free' sign, whilst her own banner is displayed upside-down.

·         Ewan McGregor in a tomato costume, talking to Judi Dench about whether he is a fruit or a vegetable.

·         Gael García Bernal putting leaflets, advertising Film4, onto cars and setting off their alarms. To which he then throws the remaining leaflets in the air.

·         Willem Dafoe saying to one of the advertising campaigners (played by Mackenzie Crook), "First day? It'll get better."

·         Rhys Ifans advertising the channel door-to-door, but often having a door slammed in his face.

Film4 is “committed to enhancing the British film making industry by nurturing and funding new talent.”  It also offers a distinctive range of mainstream and independent films “encouraging audiences to broaden their horizons” and by making and showing alternative and challenging films.

Budget…
Channel 4 budget rises of 50% from 2011 to £15m per year, guaranteed for the next five years. The increased budget will provide the domestic film industry with a financial boost following the government's decision to close the UK Film Council. "At a time when funding is increasingly difficult to access it will allow us to extend our reach further towards new voices and new audiences.”
Film4 makes around 6 films a year. Set up a low-budget studio with the Film Council and distributors Optimum: Warp X (digital production house) Working across TV and film drama also allows for economies of scale and cross-fertilisation. Ross sees Film4 as part of a wider creative community with, for e.g., ‘Working Title’, the BBC and BBC Film and partnerships with Distribution companies as essential.

Film4 have had some success over the years such as Won 5 Oscars in 4 years and 3 BAFTAs in 2007 alone. Reaches 8.3 million ABC1s a month, with an upmarket (42%) and male (55%) profile.

Film4 uses key directors such as Danny Boyle's, Martin McDonagh, Steve McQueen, Mike Leigh, Mark Romanek, Chris Morris and Peter Mullan

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C514EoLnnWA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZxLDxIwDWA&feature=related

Skins....

Skins Mise-En-Scene

The mise en scene of the protagonist’s bedroom challenges and conforms to stereotypical views about youth culture. The establishing shot suggests that the series targets a teenage audience and it will follow the life and experiences of a teenager. The duvet cover shown is of a double bed with a naked man and woman, suggesting that this age group is sexually charged. The protagonist is positioned in the middle of the two bodies suggesting that he is sexually inexperienced. It could also be suggesting that he is alone and confused about his sexuality, which conforms to teenage stereotypes. In this shot natural lighting is used to give a sense of realism so the teenage audience identifies with the life of the protagonist.

Skins Mise-En-Scene 2

The mise en scene of the protagonist’s bedroom also challenges the stereotypical view of a teenager in this section. When the protagonists goes to his draw is it very neat and tidy also nothing in his room seems out of place, most people would think that teenagers rooms are a mess. We see this mainly when he opens his draws and everything is colour co-ordinated and folded perfectly. This shows how the brother to the girl is very different in comparison to her, she goes out all scruffy as he stays home and covers for her being out on a school night. In this shot natural lighting is used to give a sense of realism so the teenage audience identifies with the life of the protagonist.

Skins Camera Angles

The idea that teenagers are curious about sex is reinforced through the over the shoulder shot used when he is looking at the older woman getting dressed through the window over the road. The shot is hand held so that the audience can have the same experience as the teenage main character. The following close up shot shows a lack of expression suggesting that this is routine and he has become disaffected by the image. This conforms to the stereotype that teenagers' lives are surrounded by sex and it plays a big part of their life.

Skins Camera Angles 2

The idea that teenagers go out a lot and get wasted is reinforced through the track shot that comes out of the driveway onto the protagonist walking home after a night out. The track shot is used so that the audience can see the whole of her and can start to imagine the things she’s gotten up to due to the state of her. The close up shot then shows her facial expressions this shows her expression as she tries to get her brothers attention who is still staring at the naked women over the road, he here has the power in the situation and she is now venerable as she needs the help to sneak in. You also see her make up all smeared over her face and her hair very messy. This conforms to the stereotype that most teenagers feel the need to go out and this plays an important part of teenage life and growing up.

Skins Sound
The dialogue between the father and the son shows a reversal in audience expectations. We see the father shouting and swearing at the teenager, which is normally something we would expect to hear from the teenager. The father's aggressive reaction to the diegetic rock music plays to the stereotype that teenagers play loud music and are inconsiderate to older people. His reaction also plays to the stereotype that teenagers frustrate their parents.

Skins Sound 2The sound form the protagonists watch is diegetic sound. The watch goes off to remind the protagonist of a certain task/time, this challenges the stereotype of all teenagers being lazy, not taking control and not having routines, he has a routine because its a daily thing. The protagonist uses the personal alarm to remind him of a certain time when his neighbour gets up and gets changed in front of his window, this conforms with the stereotype that all teenagers/teenage boys have a sex drive because of the way he reacts to the naked women you also see this through the close ups shown of his face.

Skins Editing

Parallel editing is used to show that the boy and girl are related and have a strong relationship. We can see through the parallel editing that they lead very different teenage lives, showing binary opposite characters. She is coming home; rebelling against house rules and he has been in his own bed. This conforms to Levi Strauss' idea that all narratives have opposites. The two narrative threads come together as she reaches the window and the cut a ways show that she relies on him to cover up.

Skins Editing 2

Short takes are used to show the protagonist doing weights, all these short takes of the actions he does speed up the pace, this then creates a montage which shows that teenagers have a hectic lifestyle and everything is sped up in a typical teenage world, this also shows how a lot of teenagers are body conscious as he does a lot of different things in his workout to make himself feel better about his body. This shows again how he keeps to a specific routine which challenges teenage stereotypes. The workout is shown in compressed time; you don't see the whole of the workout because he takes too long on it because of how body conscious he is.

GREEN ZONE

Green Zone

My Boy Jack Editing Terminology

Editing Terminology 1 to 4

My Boy Jack notes continued

Genre..The music, costumes and props make it clear to be in the historical genre
Because of Daniel Radcliffe the target audience will differentiate between teens and older people because of his previous films – Harry Potter.
Stereotypical because more males would watch war films than females

Social class..
Upper class
Rolls Royce – very high/wealthy man
Dialogue- high formal class/ posh rich
English accent – doesn’t swear just tuts
Giving away money to the valley man – wealthy

Characters and Performance..Daniel Radcliffe is very familiar because of Harry Potter.
well educated, posh, slightly snobby characters
Style is realistic because based on a true story
White British characters
John is less important because of his dads job (writer)

Narrative..
Clock at the beginning shoes time passing by
time as they both experience it
high value production because of Daniel Radcliffe
clock appears twice to show real time the shots used are not linked
one of production drama

Back story..
Set in 1914 WorldWar1 England
cars used, the relationships between the different class people, grammar, non fiction characters, old English, high classes and lower.

Dialogue..
Short formal conversations
poshly spoken which matched the characters
authentic old fashioned
‘sir’ – last names- not strong relationships but respect
all rehearsed
introductions to everyone
Audience..The primary audience would be older people who are interested or want to know more about the war
Mass audience would be Daniel Radcliffe fans and a high production film worth watching because of him being a big star
Higher class family’s will get higher class job

Sound..
diegetic- clock at the start
syncrinim – car
jolly music- sunny weather

Mise-en scene..Country side- realistic
props-(clocks, clothes) upper class and traditional
bright sunny day – represents mood – free unlike the boy who is under pressure in a dark waiting room
formal suits for high class people – uniforms for lower working class

Camera..
wide shot of the car coming across screen at the start
close ups of car and driver show the mood and speed
mid-eye shots show realism
long/track shots of car and corridor
over shoulder mid angle shots
birds eye view – waiting room  means less powerful, looking down on, no authority
Editing..close ups of clock ticking shows time passing
Credits appear when the car drives
Parallel editing – father and son have different life’s – shows two people doing different.

EDITING ON FIRST SECTION ONLY

Dissolve- on the clock at the start

Superimposed editing- the writing at the bottom of the screen i.e. credits

Cross Cutting – the man in the car and then Daniel Radcliffe in the waiting room.

Eyeline match – when all ¾ boys are in the waiting room, and Daniel Radcliffe is handing in
his slip, and the camera follows at his eye length so we see what he sees.

Short Cut - the rushing of the man in the car.

Long takes- the long wait the boys have when waiting

Action – car goes fast the camera looks in from front window, and from underneath and on
the wheel going fast

continuity - emphasise with clock

Parallel – between the boy and the father both in different places

cut_ clock, then the man shows he’s against time being late

Cutaway- late

Dissolve – taking his glasses off

Long take – jack waiting is emphasised

Superimposed- MY BOY JACK the title appears in the sky background.

My Boy Jack

Notes on My Boy Jack

A fade up is used to present the pocket watch the king owns, this is showing us that someone is late, time is running out, and the king himself doesn’t expect to be kept waiting.

Close up of the cars wheel shows speed

Close up of the steering wheel with him hitting it shows us that the driver is anxious to be going somewhere.

Close up of the drivers face allow us to see his emotions and feeling in his face, determination of him not wanting to let anything get in his way.

High angled shot of the boys waiting to see someone about a job, shows they are the same their outfits don’t seem to differentiate them into higher or lower classes, same hair same clothes same job.

The long shot of the long corridor shows their anxious uncomfortable wait to see someone

Eye-line hand held shot shows jack and his opposition (job applied for)

The long pathway leading up to the king’s house/grounds could be shows as a pathway to opportunity

Over shoulder shot lets you see the conversation in johns point of view and you can see the boys expression when he tells him his dads a writing and the other dad is a navy officer first rank... Importance.

Low pan shows the kings palace. His wealth and power.

Evaluating Working Titles website

When you first come onto the Working Title Films website the layout is great, its clear, easy on the eyes and uses good colour schemes this makes people want to stay on the site. it has a panel that flashes different new current films that people might be interested it its very clear that all you need to do is click and you can have a full film profile,
not many websites have a flashing film panel.

This is WT first page when you enter the website with the flashing panel as you can see which is currently PAUL

When you click on the trailer page you have every film ever made by working title to a certain point and for each one you can receive a domestic, short, HD, promotional, international, teaser, theatrical,extended and full trailer for almost every film available.

I like the face that for some of the more well known films you can receive DVD art for the film, and video blogs from off scene this helps you understand the characters more than you normally would because there not on set, this is also good because you can see all the possible art work for one films cover on a DVD.
As well as this, the website is the first place for any fans to find the latest news on new films. To show how reputable and pleased they are with their films, they also have a review section for each film where everyone can feel free to put their point across about the filmWhen you go into the webpage some more there is a great big archive of every film working title have ever made, you can click on them all and find out a lot more such as news, awards, and trailers that were released it also has extra things like blogs and some fun games.
This is allowing people to interact with the film and keep them interested.
The website is also a great plase to find out facts for school projects or bonus features such as special effets and behind the scenes.

The role of a website for a film company

1.To advertise new films

2.To celebrate acheivements

3.Build relationships - attraction

4.Provide info about company, including background info contact details

5.Latest developments - schemes/projects

6.Provide fan-zine - info for films - clips, photos, character blogs

7.Archive/catalogue of previous films

8.General watching

How Does My Boy Jack Appeal to Audiences

This is a one off TV drama called My boy Jack, it stars Daniel Radcliffe to draw in a wider audience as its about world war 1.
This also implies that the show has a higher budget, since it can afford a big star, so people will assume that the programme is at a high standard convincing them to watch.People would want to watch My Boy Jack for different reasons; this could be for personal entertainment, or purely to learn about the upper class social backgrounds the characters have in this TV drama.
Some people would want to watch My Boy Jack because they have a strong interest in World War 1, others may want to watch this to increase their knowledge in World War 1.
Some people may watch this to escape daily reality or routine by indulging in this TV drama, this could mean that some people are great fans of Daniel Radcliffe who is staring in this TV drama. Upper class social backgrounds are represented in the TV drama, the audience watching might be of lower class and want to watch the TV so they can get an in site to the different style of living they have compared to themselves.

Audience Mind Map

EXAM CONTENT

The 4 areas of my exam-

Mise-en-scene: (everything in the scene)

Props
Costumes
Lighting (back, key, fill)
Character
Body language Setting
Colour
Denotation/connotation
Iconography
Stereotypes (does it challenge Tessa Perkins theory?)

 
Camera:
Angles
Movements
Framing (positioning)
Focus

 
Editing:
Transitions
Effects
Speed/pace
Length of frames
Continuity
Shot reverse shot
180 Rule
Narrative time (screen, subjective, compressed, long take, simultaneous, replay, flash forward/back, ambitious)
Narrative theory (Todorov, Barthes, Propp, Levi Strauss, Enigma/action codes)

Sound:
Diegetic/non diegetic sound
Contrapunctual
Parallel
Bridges

How does Hollywood produce, market and exhibit its films to ensure success?

how does hollywood prodice market and exhibit its films to ensure success?

After Thomas

Mise En Scene
Characters - Mum, appears to be caring and protective over her son but gets angry over the ignorant civilians, the son begins misbehaving, but we learn he has a disability. Dad, seems caring as he struggles to get to work and is committed to earning his money.
Props - lollipop given to child, child’s Mickey Mouse cuddly toy
Colours - Lots of red in the intro (signalling danger)?Costumes - autumn scene, coats scarf’s hats etc.

Sound
Contrast of diegetic and non-diegetic sound (contapuctual) - this produces an enigma code
End of intro the sound gets sucked out, then we see 'true Story text' - this has impact on the viewer because its making out that the real time is being sucked/taken away so fast.  
We hear disorientated noise and a child screaming over the top. Then a violin sequence, this could represent how the mother is soft and gentle but is trying to be a good parent and be tough on the child also.
The sound of cars on the road magnifies the danger in the scene
Camera Angles/Movement
Close ups of characters, shows the son confused, mother struggling and scared
Cars flashing by - shows life passing by?
Low angle shot on the floor- gives the characters' point of view/perspective
Mid angle in the office, average view (like on office chair?)
Long shot at the beginning show the scene at a glance
Over the shoulder of the shop worker - this is so we see the same thing, and judge what we see the same way (judge the child to be misbehaved and the mother struggling to control him)

Editing and Transitions
slow motion is subjective time which created an intense intro scene
Edited text saying [1993] contextualises the time zone and gives a sense of the  setting

Fast Editing creates action and fast movement, we then see the same tense shot in real time compared to the slow mo intro version.
Cars flash by. Connatates everyone’s life flying by while the mother with a handy capped child is struggling to keep up and is lost/left behind.

Success Criteria.

50 marks available

20 marks available for Explanation/analysis.Explanation- define them in great detail.
Analysis- why have they been used?
Argument- alternative interpretations, looking for theories.

20 marks available for Examples….
A range of examples need to be given.
Frequently use different examples to help explain.
Relate them to the clip given.
Focus on the set question given (representation).

10 marks are available for terminology…Use terminology accurately.
Structure them into the essay well.
Frequently use different terminology you have learnt.
Make them more complex for higher mark, go in depth.
Don’t forget spelling, punctuation and grammar.

the marketing of iron man 2

Marketing of iron_man_2

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Narrative Time

Barthes,Propp,Levi Straus and Todorov

Propp
he proposed that it was possible to classify the characters and their actions into clearly defined roles and functions.
This model is useful, however as it highlights the similarities between seemingly quite different stories.
Propp created different character roles…The Hero – a character that seeks something
The Villain – who opposes or actively blocks the hero’s quest
The Donor – who provides an object with magical properties
The Dispatcher – who sends the hero on his/her quest via a message
The False Hero – who disrupts the hero’s success by making false claims
The Helper – who aids the her
The Princess – acts as the reward for the hero and the object of the villain’s plots
Her Father – who acts to reward the hero for his effort

Todorov
He suggests most narratives start with state of equilibrium in which life is normal and protagonists happy.
this state of normality is disrupted by an outside force, which has to be fought against in order to return to a state of equilibrium.

Equilibrium-> Disequilibrium-> New Equilibrium

Barthes
he thought through narrative codes.
Barthes decided that the threads that you pull on to try and unravel meaning are called narrative codes and that they could be categorised in the 5 ways..
Action codes
Enigma codes
Semantic codes
Cultural code
and the Symbolic

Levi Straushe believed that the world was split into series of binary opposites.

Editing Skills

Editing

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Prezi - iron man 2

BlogThis!

Apocalypse Now Clip

At the start of the YouTube video you automatically get diegetic sound coming from the noise of the helicopter and some of the soldiers, not all of the soldiers are on screen at one time this means that there is always some off screen diegetic sound also. Then a little bit into the helicopters flying music becomes involved, which is contrapuntal sound.

The music is still playing while the helicopters wait to attack, after this scene you hear a lot of disorientated sound such as people screaming bombs off screen and on, but far away so it is not easy to hear underneath the helicopters sound. There is also a siren which is parallel sound because of the sense of danger and battle it gives.   

Tessa Perkins 5 assumptions...

Stereotyping has tended to suggest that it is wrong to see people in categories. Yet in the field of social psychology it has long been recognised that categorisation is a fundamental process necessary for humans to make sense of the world. Humans need to impose structure on events, experiences and people. I agree with all of Tessa Perkins assumptions although I believe it is wrong to stereotype people, even though some stereotypes are positive.


Stereotypes are not always negative...
there are many examples for this; for example, the characters in the
‘big bang theory’ are standard geeks, we know this from the way they are: clothing, language, body language. But it also has a bad view where as geeks are not very sociable or popular people. But here are some others, 'Americans are friendly' and 'Black people are better at football'

They are not always about minority groups or the less powerful...
this is also true, some stereotypes can be about bigger groups.
An example of this is 'Rich people are posh.'
made in Chelsea is a good example of this as most of the characters on the program are rich and have lots of money and flash cars, and are always going out. Most people in the Chelsea are rich and posh not just one person in Chelsea.


They can be held about one's own group...
It is well known that African people joke about how other African people are great at football. This proves that people stereotype their own group.
Also teenagers openly talk about how other teenagers go around stealing and being thugs. This is stereotyping in your own group.

They are not rigid or unchanging...


They are not always false...
I disagree; I believe that stereotyping is wrong, and that a certain race or group shouldn't be referred to as one. Everybody is different and nobody is the same as someone else.

prezi sound

SOUND on Prezi

camera angles

Camera Angles[1]

camera movements

Tilt:
Pivoting the camera vertically up or down. This produces a low or high angle shot.
Tilt shots are often used to show the vertical significance of something, i.e. viewing something big that wouldn’t fit into a normal shot.





Overhead:
This is where the camera looks over the action or scene directly from above – it’s like a kind of shot from the ceiling.







Zoom:
This is not really a movement of the camera but it appears to be so. It is when the focus is pulled making either the object/scene slowly appear closer or further away.





Crane:
This is used when the camera itself moves up or down and is usually placed higher above the ground/action. The crane shot is the primary means of moving the camera above ground. During crane shots, the camera rises and lowers on a platform connected to a mechanical arm, much like utility company cherry-pickers.





Track shot: Moving the camera itself towards or away from the subject, or to follow a moving subject. The shot is called a tracking shot because the camera is often run along a small track to follow the action.
A tracking shot is used to see and explore the room /scenery/or places.
It is also used to create a detailed tour of a situation, but can also be used to follow a character.



Hand-held:
Hand held shots serve to create a more homemade or dramatic feel to a shot. This is used to convey a sense of immediacy or it can be used to suggest realism.


Pan shot:
Pivoting the camera to the side to scan a scene or to follow a moving subject. This can be used to establish a scene or background and to highlight the speed of what is happening in the scene.